期刊專區/ Periodical Section

美國國家課程時代的來臨：各州共同核心標準之探究

The Era of American National Curriculum: Inquiry on the Common Core State Standards

所屬期刊：	第9卷第2期 「課程與教學」 主編：靜宜大學教育研究所講座教授 黃政傑
系統編號：	vol033_01
主題：	課程與教學
出版年份：	2013
作者：	張佳琳
作者(英文)：	Chia-Lin Chang
論文名稱：	美國國家課程時代的來臨：各州共同核心標準之探究
論文名稱(英文)：	The Era of American National Curriculum: Inquiry on the Common Core State Standards
共同作者：
最高學歷：
校院名稱：
系所名稱：
語文別：
論文頁數：	32
中文關鍵字：	各州共同核心標準;共同評量;國家課程;大學與職涯準備度;定錨標準
英文關鍵字：	Common Core State Standards;common assessment;national curriculum;college and career readiness;anchor standard
服務單位：	駐美國代表處教育組副組長
稿件字數：	0
作者專長：	課程與教學
投稿日期：	2013/2/22
論文下載：
摘要(中文)：	美國前所未有的各州共同核心標準於2010年6月2日公布，迄今已有46個州、華盛頓特區、4個領地及國防部教育處採用，影響幾乎遍及全美。本文探討發現，各州共同核心標準推展之重要因素有三：關鍵團體的倡議與背書、聯邦競爭性策略的運用、各州的採納與行動；本文並分析該英語文標準與數學標準架構與內涵及共同評量規劃方向，其中，英語文標準係以大學與職涯準備度定錨標準為聽、說、讀、寫標準定位，重視文本複雜度、非小說類文學與資訊文本，並強調不同學科教師均有提升學生讀寫能力之共享責任；數學標準分為數學實踐標準及數學內容標準二層次，強調聚焦、一貫與嚴謹三原則，兼重概念理解與實作應用；對應於該共同標準之共同評量則預計於2014年正式實施，將採線上測驗。各州共同核心標準改革之影響包括：挑戰國家課程的可能性、鬆動聯邦與地方教育權限、建立標準管理之績效責任系統、帶動非營利組織教育參與、標舉大學與職涯準備度作為各級教育核心；而其足供我借鑑之處在於：學前至高中課程的ㄧ貫與嚴謹、大學與職涯準備度的目標與定錨、評量及標準的同步校準與改革、不同學科教師提升讀寫能力的共享責任與合作、非營利組織凝聚中央與地方教育資源與網絡。
摘要(英文)：	The first ever Common Core State Standards have been adopted by forty-six states, the District of Columbia, four territories, and the Department of Defense. The standards will affect most of K-12 students in the United States. According to the findings of this research the making factors for the CCSS include the initiative and endorsement of key groups, competitive strategies from Federal government and adopting action from the individual states. Basically, the Standards use College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards to anchor the Standards for Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening. The Standards emphasize the importance of text complexity, nonfiction and information text and view that not only language teachers but also content areas’ teachers have shared responsibility for literacy. As for the Math Standards, which are comprised in Standards for Mathematical Practice and Standards for Mathematical Content, they emphasize the principles of Focus, Coherence and Rigor, highlight the importance of both concept understanding and process, and practical application. The Common Assessment will be implemented in 2014 through computer online testing. The influences of the Common Core include: challenging the possibility of National Curriculum, blurring the boundary of education authority between Federal government and the states, emphasizing the accountability of standard management, encouraging education engagement among nonprofit organization, integrating the goal of education system through college and career readiness. The lessons we can draw from CCSS include: the coherence and rigor of K-12 standards, the goals and anchors of college and career readiness, alignment reform with standards and assessment, shared-responsibility for literacy, the model of state/federal cooperation through nonprofit engagement.
參考文獻：	Achieve Inc. (2004). Ready or not: Creating a high school diploma that counts. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.achieve.org/ReadyorNot. Achieve Inc. (2008). Out of many, one: Toward rigorous common core standards from the ground up. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.achieve.org/OutofManyOne. Achieve Inc. (2013). About Us. (Official Website). Retrieved from http://www.achieve.org/. American Enterprise Institute. (2013). Common core: What’s next for school systems? (Official Website). Retrieved from http://www.aei.org/events/2013/01/10/common-core-whats-next-for-school-systems/. American Federation of Teachers. (2009). AFT says draft standards are a solid first step. (Official Website) Retrieved from http://www.corestandards.org/assets/ccsi_statements/StatementAFT.pdf. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. (2010). Fewer, clearer, higher: Moving forward with consistent, rigorous standards for all students. Seattle, WA: Author. Retrieved from http://www.gatesfoundation.org/highschools/Documents/fewer-clearer-higher-standards.pdf. Common Core State Standards Initiative. (CCSSI) (2010). Introduction to the Common Core State Standards. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.corestandards.org/assets/ccssi-introduction.pdf. Common Core State Standards Initiative. (CCSSI) (2013a). Frequently asked questions. CCSSI Website. Retrieved from http://www.corestandards.org/resources/frequently-asked-questions. Common Core State Standards Initiative. (CCSSI) (2013b). English language arts standards: Key design consideration-CCR and grade-specific standards. CCSSI Website. Retrieved from http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/introduction/key-design-consideration. Ewing, J. (2012, August 2). Give the standards back to teachers. Education Week. Retrieved from http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2012/08/02/37ewing.h31.html. Gewertz, C. (2013, January 29). Interpretations differ on common cores nonfiction rule. Education Week. Retrieved from Grossman, T., Reyna, R. & Shipton, S. (2011). Realizing the potential: How governors can lead effective implementation of the Common Core State Standards. Washington, DC: National Governors Association (NGA). Retrieved from http://www.nga.org/files/live/sites/NGA/files/pdf/1110CCSSIIMPLEMENTATIONGUIDE.PDF. Gutstein, E. (2010). The Common Core State Standards initiative: A critical response. Journal of Urban Mathematics Education. Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 9–18. Retrieved from http://ed-osprey.gsu.edu/ojs/index.php/JUME/article/viewFile/88/43. Klein, A. (2012b, September 12). Presidential nominees serve up sharp differences on education. Education Week. Vol. 33, Issue 02. Baltimore, MD: Education Week. Klein, A.( 2012a, July 18). More than half of States now have NCLB waivers. Education Week. .Retrieved from http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2012/07/18/36waivers.h31.html?tkn=LVNF30%2BCq9QvIowjMiIn3Ma68MBlgBrENen0&cmp=clp-edweek. Linn R. L.(2005). Test-based educational accountability in the era of no child left behind. (CRESST Tech. Rep. No. 651). Los Angeles, CA: University of California, National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing (CRESST). Massachusetts Education Department. (2013). Massachusetts definition of college and career readiness-for consideration by the board of elementary and secondary education. Massachusetts Education Department. Retrieved from http://www.doe.mass.edu/boe/docs/2013-02/item1-CCRdefinition.pdf McNeil M. (2012, November 28). Duncan sharpens second-term agenda, stresses teacher quality. Education Week. Retrieved from http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/campaign-k-12/2012/11/_this_marks_the_first.html. McNeil, M. (2013, February 5). Arne Duncan hears district-level squawks on agenda-school board officials see federal overreach. Education Week. Retrieved from http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2013/02/06/20boards.h32.html. National Commission on Excellence in Education. (1983). A nation at risk: The imperative for educational reform. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. National Governors Association Center for Best Practices, Council of Chief State School Officers. (NGA Center & CCSSO) (2010a). Common Core State Standards. English Language Arts Standards. Washington, DC: Author. National Governors Association Center for Best Practices, Council of Chief State School Officers. (NGA Center & CCSSO) (2010b). Common Core State Standards: Math standards. Washington, DC: Author. National Governors Association. (NGA) (2012). Trends in State implementation of the Common Core State Standards: Educator effectiveness (Issue Brief). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.nga.org/files/live/sites/NGA/files/pdf/1210TrendsInStateBrief.pdf. Nielson, K. (2013). Trends in State implementation of the: Communications (issue brief). Washington, DC: NGA Center for Best Practices, Education Division. Retrieved from http://www.nga.org/files/live/sites/NGA/files/pdf/2013/1301TrendsInStateBrief.pdf. Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers. (PARCC) (2013). The PARCC assessment. (Official Website). Retrieved from http://www.parcconline.org/parcc-assessment. Shepherd, R. (2013, April 21). The basic business principles school reformers ignore. The Washington Post. The Answer Sheet. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/wp/2013/04/21/the-basic-business-principles-school-reformers-ignore/. SMARTER Balanced Assessment Consortium. (SBAC) (2013). Smarter balanced assessments. (Official Website). Retrieved from http://www.smarterbalanced.org/smarter-balanced-assessments/ State Educational Technology Directors Association. (SETDA) (2012). Out of print: Reimagining the K-12 textbook in a digital age. Washington, DC: SETDA. Retrieved from http://setda.org/web/guest/outofprint. Strauss, V. (2013, April 24). Is the common core standards initiative in trouble? The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/wp/2013/04/24/is-the-common-core-standards-initiative-in-trouble/ The L.A. Times Editorial Board. (2013, April 22). A curriculum crunch for California. The L.A. Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/editorials/la-ed-common-core-20130422,0,7397614.story The New York Times Editorial Board. (2013, April 20). Moving ahead with common core. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/opinion/sunday/moving-ahead-with-common-core.html?_r=0 The White House. (2010). Remarks by the president on the "educate to innovate" campaign and science teaching and mentoring awards. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-educate-innovate-campaign-and-science-teaching-and-mentoring-awar. The White House. (2013). President Barack Obamas state of the union address. Released on February 12, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/state-of-the-union-2013. Tucker, M. (2013, January 15). Common core standards: Arguments against and for. In Strauss, V., Answer Sheet, Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/wp/2013/01/15/common-core-standards-arguments-against-and-for/ U.S. Department of Education. (2010). Statement by U.S. Education Secretary Duncan on draft college- and career-readiness standards in English-language arts, mathematics. Released on September 21, 2009. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/2009/09/09212009a.html. U. S. Department of Education. (2013, May 20). Obama administration approves three more NCLB flexibility requests—37 States and DC now approved for waivers. U. S. department of Education. Retrieved from http://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/obama-administration-approves-three-more-nclb-flexibility-requests37-states-and- Ujifusa, A. (2013a, February 4). Pressure mounts in some States against common core-opponents of common core redouble legislative efforts. Education Week. Retrieved from http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2013/02/06/20commoncore_ep.h32.html. Ujifusa, A. (2013b, January 7).Lawmakers gear up for action on K-12 issues. Education Week. Retrieved from http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2013/01/09/15legislatures_ep.h32.html?tkn=QPWFrAlJHt1der8lH7ODMSSP%2Fe25AtJ530wT&cmp=clp-edweek. Wilhoit, G. (2012, June 22). States raise the bar with standards implementation. Education Week. Retrieved from http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2012/06/22/36wilhoit.h31.html. Zhao, Y. (2013). Five questions to ask about the common core. Yong Zhao’s blog. Retrieved from http://zhaolearning.com/2013/01/02/five-questions-to-ask-about-the-common-core/.