期刊專區/ Periodical Section

青年的過度教育：基於PIAAC數據的跨國比較分析

Over-Education of Youth Generation in OECD Countries: The Comparative Study Based on PIAAC

所屬期刊：	第17卷第3期 主編：國立臺東大學教育學系教授 陳淑麗
系統編號：	vol066_03
主題：	教育政策與制度
出版年份：	2021
作者：	傅遠智、林宜樺、王煒筑
作者(英文)：	Yuan-Chih Fu；Yi-Hua Lin；Wei-Chu Wang
論文名稱：	青年的過度教育：基於PIAAC數據的跨國比較分析
論文名稱(英文)：	Over-Education of Youth Generation in OECD Countries: The Comparative Study Based on PIAAC
共同作者：
最高學歷：
校院名稱：
系所名稱：
語文別：
論文頁數：	35
中文關鍵字：	過度教育；高等教育擴張；PIAAC；比較教育
英文關鍵字：	over-education；the expansion of higher education； PIAAC, comparative education
服務單位：
稿件字數：	20474
作者專長：
投稿日期：	2021/2/17
論文下載：
摘要(中文)：	教育經濟學家將過度教育視為在勞動力市場中個人所獲得的學歷高於個人實際從事職業所需最低學歷的現象，從宏觀的角度來看，這種現象一定程度的反映出教育系統與就業市場中出現難以銜接的落差。為進一步探討過度教育的成因與情形，本研究使用OECD於2013年釋出的PIAAC數據，依數據完整性選取13個國家為研究範圍，比較各國25至34歲青年族群與其他年長族群出現過度教育可能性的差異，並分析青年族群個人出現過度教育的原因。對照其他年齡族群，首先就學歷與能力的差異，結果顯示各國青年普遍有較高的可能性取得大學以上學歷，但在數學能力與語文能力層面卻未必有相同優勢；進一步檢視出現過度教育的情況，發現青年相對普遍更可能出現過度教育現象。最後，本研究進一步比較影響具大學以上學歷青年出現過度教育的因素，經歸納其中邏輯式迴歸模型適配的7個國家分析結果發現，在性別方面，女性青年相較男性青年出現過度教育的可能性並不如理論預期般普遍；工作經驗的增加與個人出現過度教育的關係亦存在分歧並非絕對；另在個人專長領域與能力對個人出現過度教育的影響上，多數國家則有近似的情況，理工農醫領域者產生過度教育的可能性相對低於非理工農醫領域者，而當個人數學與語文能力越佳時，出現過度教育的可能性也較低。
摘要(英文)：	Overeducation is defined as the situation where an individual’s educational level is higher than the required level he/she needs to have for the current occupation. From a macro perspective, this phenomenon partially reflects the disconnection between education systems and the labor market. To explore the factors causing personal overedcuation, this study used PIAAC data surveyed by OECD in 2013 to investigate the evidence for graduate underemployment in 13 OECD countries. Using the index of graduate jobs, this study finds that compared to the senior generation, the 25-34-year-old youth generation has a higher proportion of the population with a bachelors degree and above but does not guarantee better numeracy or literacy ability. Additionally, results from the logistic regression show that the youth generation has a higher possibility of being classified as overeducated compared to their elderly generation. Lastly, based on the empirical findings derived from 7 countries with good model fit in the logistic regression, we found that for the youth generation, the effect of gender as well as working experience on the over-education varies by country. It is very common across countries that the youth whose professionals background is in STEM would less likely be overeducated. The results also confirm that the higher score in numeracy and literacy can reduce the possibility of being classified as overeducated.
參考文獻：	呂虹霖（2019）。臺灣高等教育「學用落差」之探究（博士論文，國立政治大學）。 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/63z5p9 張宜君（2017）。高等教育報酬的世代差異：勞動市場結構轉型的影響。臺灣教育 社會學研究，17（1），87-139。https://doi.org/10.3966/168020042017061701003 張芳全（2008）。過量及低度高等教育與失業率之國際分析。教育研究與發展期刊， 4（3），79-116。 張雯玲（2011）。臺灣高等教育過量教育與就業現象研究。經營管理學刊，5（6）， 1-30。 教育部（2018）。中華民國107 年版教育統計。 傅祖壇、楊佳茹、黃美瑛（2016）。過度教育與薪資之關係：臺灣地區大學近期畢 業生之研究。應用經濟論叢，99，1-36。https://doi.org/10.3966/0546960020160 60099001 蕭霖（2003）。教育與職業不對稱的模式探討。教育政策論壇，6（2），43-67。 關秉寅、彭思錦、崔成秀（2019）。臺灣高教擴張對年輕世代職業地位及薪資的影 響：反事實的分析。人文及社會科學集刊，31（4），555-599。 Avvisati, F., & Keslair, F. (2014). REPEST: Stata module to run estimations with weighted replicate samples and plausible values. Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics. Buchel, F., & Van Ham, M. (2003). Overeducation, regional labor markets, and spatial flexibility. Journal of Urban Economics, 53(3), 482-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-1190(03)00008-1 Chetty, R., Friedman, J. N., Saez, E., Turner, N., & Yagan, D. (2020). Income segregation and intergenerational mobility across colleges in the United States. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135(3), 1567-1633. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa005 Dolton, P. J., & Silles, M. A. (2008). The effects of over-education on earnings in the graduate labour market. Economics of Education Review, 27(2), 125-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.econedurev.2006.08.008 Flisi, S., Goglio, V., Meroni, E. C., Rodrigues, M., & Vera-Toscano, E. (2017). Measuring occupational mismatch: Overeducation and overskill in Europe—Evidence from PIAAC. Social Indicators Research, 131(3), 1211-1249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1292-7 Frank, R. H. (1978). Why women earn less: The theory and estimation of differential overqualification. The American Economic Review, 68(3), 360-373. Fu, Y. C., Quetzal, A. S., Hu, Y. L. (2021). The higher education trajectories of Taiwanese women in STEM: A longitudinal analysis. In H. K. Ro, F. Fnandez, & E. J. Ramon (Eds.),Gender equity in STEM in higher education: International perspectives on policy, institutional culture, and individual choice (pp. 45-61). Routledge. Green, F., & Henseke, G. (2016a). Should governments of OECD countries worry about graduate underemployment? Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 32(4), 514-537. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grw024 Green, F., & Henseke, G. (2016b). Should governments of OECD countries worry about graduate over-education? Centre for Global Higher Education. https://www.researchcghe.org/perch/resources/publications/wp3.pdf Green, F., & McIntosh, S. (2007). Is there a genuine under-utilization of skills amongst the over-qualified? Applied Economics, 39(4), 427-439. https://doi.org/10.1080/000368405 00427700 Hanushek, E. A., Schwerdt, G., Wiederhold, S., & Woessmann, L. (2015). Returns to skills around the world: Evidence from PIAAC. European Economic Review, 73, 103-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2014.10.006 Johnes, G. (2019). The incidence of and returns to ‘overeducation’: PIAAC evidence on the G7. Minerva, 57(1), 85-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-018-9357-1 Johnson, W. R. (1978). A theory of job shopping. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 92(2),261-277. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884162 Johnstone, D. B. (2005, May 24-25, November 28-30). Higher educational accessibility and financial viability: The role of student loans. [Paper presentation]. World Report on Higher Education: The Financing of Universities II International Barcelona Conferenceon Higher Education, Global University Network for Innovation (GUNI), Barcelona, Spain. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/246375489_Higher_Educational_ Accessibility_and_Financial_Viability_The_Role_of_Student_Loans Jovanovic, B. (1979). Job matching and the theory of turnover. Journal of Political Economy, 87(5, Part 1), 972-990. https://doi.org/10.1086/260808 McGoldrick, K., & Robst, J. (1996). Gender differences in overeducation: A test of the theory of differential overqualification. The American Economic Review, 86(2), 280-284. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (n.d.). PIAAC data and tools. https://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/data/ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2014). PIAAC technical standards and guidelines. https://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/PIAAC-NPM(2014_06) PIAAC_Technical_Standards_and_Guidelines.pdf Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2015, July). AHELO main study. https://www.oecd.org/education/skills-beyond-school/ahelo-main-study.htm Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2016a). Education at a glance 2016: OECD indicators. https://doi.org/10.1787/eag-2016-en Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2016b). OECD science, technology and innovation outlook 2016. https://doi.org/10.1787/sti_in_outlook-2016-en Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2021). Population with tertiary education (indicator) [Data set]. https://doi.org/10.1787/0b8f90e9-en Powell, J. J. W., & Solga, H. (2010). Analyzing the nexus of higher education and vocational training in Europe: A comparative-institutional framework. Studies in Higher Education, 35(6), 705-721. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070903295829 Robst, J. (1995). College quality and overeducation. Economics of Education Review, 14(3), 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7757(94)00054-A Schofer, E., & Meyer, J. W. (2005). The worldwide expansion of higher education in the twentieth century. American Sociological Review, 70(6), 898-920. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240507000602 Sicherman, N., & Galor, O. (1990). A theory of career mobility. Journal of Political Economy, 98(1), 169-192. https://doi.org/10.1086/261674 Trow, M. (1973). Problems in the transition from elite to mass higher education. Carnegie Commission on Higher Education. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2006). International standard classification of education (ISCED) 1997 (2nd ed.). http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/international-standard-classification-of-education-1997-en_0.pdf United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute of Statistics.(2019). Gross enrolment ratio by level of education [Data set]. UIS.Stat. http://data.uis.unesco.org/ World Bank. (n.d.). World Bank country and lending groups. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank. org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups